About Testosterone

Mechanism of Action: Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone that binds androgen receptors, regulating gene expression to maintain male secondary sexual characteristics, muscle mass, bone density, libido, and erythropoiesis.

Indications & Off-Label Uses: FDA-approved for male hypogonadism. Off-label uses include performance enhancement, body composition optimization, and “anti-aging” therapy.

FDA Status: Approved for male hypogonadism.

Clinical Evidence: In hypogonadal men, testosterone replacement improves lean mass, strength, libido, and bone density. Evidence in healthy men for anti-aging, energy, or athletic performance is mixed, and long-term safety concerns (cardiovascular risk, polycythemia, prostate effects) remain under investigation.

Safety & Monitoring: Requires monitoring of hematocrit, PSA, liver function, and cardiovascular risk. Adverse effects can include acne, fluid retention, gynecomastia, sleep apnea exacerbation, and fertility suppression.